[by Chuck Almdale & Lillian Johnson]

[Introductory Note: This is a reprint of an old posting which people request from time to time. Feel free to copy this document. To satisfy our boundless curiosity, please take a minute and drop us a line to let us know you did. Also, sign up on our blog to receive our future brilliant, useful, lovely and informative missives. A shorter version is also posted on the American Birding Association website here.]

For many of us birding is both fun and art. As with any art, the better you get, the more you enjoy it and vice versa.  But like any art, there are certain techniques you can learn that will enhance both your enjoyment and ability to share that enjoyment with others.  Many of these techniques and skills are covered in field guide introductions or magazine articles.  Neglected – until now – is the skill of getting others onto the bird you’ve found.  The joy of finding a new, interesting or beautiful bird increases when you share it with others.  But you can’t share the joy if you can’t help others find the bird.  In our years of birding, we have personally made and witnessed others make every single error mentioned below, and we find the suggested techniques to be the most useful and easily learned.  Of the five basic points presented here, the final point is the most important, least known, most difficult to learn and gets the longest explanation.

Five Basics Points

1. Telescope: If you have a scope, it’s easy to put it on the bird and let others look through it.  This works well with birds like shorebirds, ducks or resting raptors who don’t move around quickly; it’s nearly useless with birds flitting through foliage.  When the bird is cryptic, partially hidden or distant and small, give useful additional verbal hints such as: look in the upper left portion of the field of view; behind that vertical snag, at the base of the red rock.  Knowing which part of the scope’s view contains the bird can quickly ensure a useful look.  (When a group of people are waiting to use the scope, tapping their toes and thinking dark thoughts, it’s good birding etiquette to take the briefest look possible, yet still see the bird.  However, if you just can’t find the bird in a “reasonable” amount of time, move aside and let others take a first quick look, before returning to the scope to try again.  Second looks are for lingering.)  If people of widely varying heights will likely be using your scope, the 45°-angled eyepiece is easiest for everyone, especially tall people who won’t have to stoop so much.

2. Make sure they are looking in the same direction as you are: If possible, just glance around.  Birders are often looking in completely different directions while arguing vigorously about what they’re seeing.  This happens so frequently that it’s a standing joke.  A quick, “Stand behind me and look where I’m looking,” can at least get them into the general area.

3. Clock face: In many situations, using a clock face can aid speedy location.  In an open area, twelve o’clock is always straight ahead, six is directly behind, three and nine are 90 degrees right and left, respectively.  Other hours fall in between.  For a vertical object such as a tree, twelve is the top, three is ½ way down on the right side, and so on.  On a boat or in a car (or line of cars), twelve is always straight ahead down the road, six is straight behind down the road, and so on.  It should go without saying (but won’t) that 12 o’clock is not simply the direction in which you happen to be looking at that very moment. [I once had to ask a professional bird tour leader why everything was always at 12 o’clock.] If you’re young and don’t know how to read an analog clock, now is a good time to learn.

4. Laser Pointers: Pen-sized lasers are now available in various powers and produce either a red or a (preferred) green beam.  Many professional tour guides have them, but not all are equally adept at using them.  The key is to start from something obvious like a large rock or tree trunk.  Starting somewhere close to the bird is far less important.  Once everyone

sees your laser “dot”, they can follow it as you move it along trunk, limb and twig to the bird.  Never shine the beam on the bird.  Keep the dot where the bird cannot see it so you don’t startle it.  Just below the bird works well, as does slowly circling the bird.  The dot will display better on solid objects like trunks or twigs than on leaves.  Avoid jerky movements.  In a forest of leaves, a moving laser beam scatters over many yards.  Birders more than a few feet to either side of the pointer-holder sees only a series of bright dots scattered over many leaves and won’t have a clue as to which dot is nearest the bird.  Warn the viewers about such scattering and reduce your beam movement to a minimum.  In southern California where the sun always shines and forests can be thin, lasers aren’t as useful. A laser dot in a dark forest can be bright red at 100 feet, yet be invisible on a beach at 10 feet.  An alternative low-tech solution is a small hand mirror of glass or polished metal, for which you will need the friendly cooperation of the sun.

5. Start from something obvious, easily locatable or describable: How many times have you heard someone say “Near the red leaf in the green tree,” or “By the tall grass stem”?  You look around and are confronted with dozens of trees with hundreds of red leaves or an entire field of grass.  Which tree, which leaf, which stem?  Which direction, how far?  This person has forgotten that no one else can see from their exact perspective.  They’ve also forgotten that what is absurdly obvious to them through their own binocular’s tiny field of view is not at all obvious to anyone else confronted with a 360° view of the whole, wide world.

The Toughest Basic: Starting from the Obvious

Selecting the Obvious: So what’s considered obvious?  Here are some examples: a lone tree, bush, rock or structure; the largest, tallest, darkest, lightest of an assortment of such items; the only group of trees; the leftmost or rightmost tree in a line of trees; the only cloud in the sky; the sun; the only red house in sight; the only house on the left side of the road; the only green sailboat on the sea.  Something unique (in the original and proper sense of one-of-a-kind).

Often the bird is in a flock which everyone has already spotted.  “There’s a Ominous Cleft-Toe in with that flock of warblers.”  They now know that you’ve seen the warblers, are not simply misidentifying one of them, and it helps someone who is way off target to know that they can first find a larger target (a flock) and then look for one individual.

Watch the Birdie: Keep your eye on the bird while giving directions: if it flies, you can follow it and give information about its movements (“going left through the foliage, watch for movement”).  Often you can anticipate its movements, especially useful when someone is looking through a scope’s small field of vision.  If it flies out of sight, you don’t waste your time telling people where the bird used to be.

Moving from the Obvious: Once you’ve gotten everyone looking in the same direction with your “see the big red house on the hill?”, you can bring them along step-by-step to the bird.  “OK, starting from the house, come down to seven o’clock ½ way down the hill to a large brown rock with a big white spot on the bottom left side.  Got that?  OK, from four o’clock on the rock, go three times the width of the rock to a round gray-green bush with a forked leafless stick pointing out towards ten o’clock from the center of the bush.  The bird is on the left fork.”

Occasionally someone “jumps the gun” on your instructions.  They hear the first instruction, “See the big red house…” and immediately complain that they can’t see the bird.  Deal with this as best you can.  We tend to steamroll right over such comments and restate, perhaps enunciating slightly more forcefully: “Now, starting from the red house on the hill, come down to seven o’clock…”, and so on.  We figure that getting many or most of the people on the bird is good for the first pass; there is always someone who came in late, wasn’t listening or couldn’t follow.  If the bird stays put long enough, we try again

Distance: Use fractions or multiples of an obvious dimension:  ½ way down the hill; ¾ of the distance from bottom to top of the tree; 1/3 of distance from trunk to the left edge of the tree; twice as high as that radio tower; ½ way from the sun to the left edge of the lake.  Although the size of the field of vision varies widely among binoculars, the number of binocular fields often works as a rough estimate, especially for small specks in the sky: “About two binocular fields 12 o’clock from the red house.”  Absolute distances such as 30 ft or 200 yards are of little use.  Most people are poor judges of distance or size (although most think they are the exception), and we underestimate distances more often than overestimate.  When you do give a distance, qualify it with a phrase like “about”, “approximately” or “between” to indicate that this is a rough estimate.  Saying “about 20 to 40 ft away” or “less than 50 feet” can keep people from searching in vain 500 feet away.  The exact distance does not matter, it’s the order of magnitude which is important.  At sea, where people are looking at a lot of water, distance should be relative to the horizon.  Hearing, “Plummeting Mackerel-Snapper, Ten o’clock, ½ way to the horizon,” is a lot more useful than “500 meters off the port bow.”

Practice this on your own, in your own mind.  Assume your friends are down the trail when you spot the extremely rare and highly-prized Divested Widget and signal them.  They come running.  The bird is in the middle of a bunch of trees and bushes, not thrashing around, nor drawing attention to itself.  Start from the obvious, and work your way to the bird, using the clock and relative distances.  After a while, this sort of verbal guidance becomes close to second nature.

A starting point can be near or far from the bird, above or below, closer or farther.  It only has to be OBVIOUS to everyone.  Sometimes a building two miles away is the best point from which to start.  Sometimes it’s a knee high red flower 5 feet away.  It could be a group of bushes halfway across a field.  It could be a moving car, boat or airplane, or even another bird that everyone has already seen.  It all depends on the situation.

Other Problems

Partially Obscured Birds & Parallax: Sometimes you see a bird through a hole in foliage or twiggy brush.  It can’t be seen except from exactly where you are standing.  You can confirm this by moving a bit and seeing if the bird becomes obscured.  In this case, you can either hog the view for yourself, or you move aside and give someone else your spot.  We recommend the latter.  Birders are typically polite, and you’ll rarely be criticized for staying put.  But your courteous behavior will be appreciated and you’ll likely be helped in return sooner or later by legions of grateful fellow-birders.  When a bird is likely to be obscured from points of view other than your own, and you sense that someone simply cannot see it from where they are standing, you can either advise them of this or physically move them into a better location (if you think they won’t take offense).  This is a matter of putting yourself into their shoes, which comes with experience.

Bird Color, Shape, Orientation, and Relative Size: Sometimes leaves, grass or twigs obscure a bird, or it blends into the background.  In these cases, giving a description of the relative size, color, bill shape, or body orientation e.g. “hanging upside down” can help.  Woodpeckers often blend into the trunk or limbs to which they cling.  Warblers are famous for moving through the canopies of leafy trees.  Towhees and thrashers match their dead leaf feeding grounds in coloration.  “Facing left, body almost horizontal, shoulder hunched, tail hidden” can often get someone onto a well-camouflaged motionless bird.

Dealing with Beginners: The special problems beginners experience usually fade with time, so you’ve probably forgotten that you once had them too.  Try to figure out their views and put them into perspective for them and others in the group.  When one person says that he is looking at a “really big bird way up high” and others can’t find the soaring eagle, the leader who sees where the beginner is looking can help by saying something like, “that robin ten feet up in the oak does look huge and high compared to the juncos on the ground we have just been watching.”  A statement like that explains the original observer’s perspective to more experienced participants, helps the others to know what they are looking for (if they want to see the robin), perhaps teaches the beginner something about perspective and comparison, and probably won’t be interpreted as an insult.  A similar problem arises after looking at very small birds – sparrows or warblers for example – for a long time, and you then spot something larger like a thrush, and it looks enormous.  Alternatively, watch geese for a while, and sparrows will look like gnats.

Wide Open Spaces
Reference points for birds flying across an open space (ocean, lake, marsh, desert, prairie, etc.) may be impossible. If you dare not stop looking, try giving these pointers. 1) Direction of flight (right, left, away, towards, etc.). 2) Height (at horizon, X binocular fields above horizon, directly overhead, etc. 3) “Look at me and look where I’m looking.” 4) Stand behind you and imitate your direction and height. 5) If available, reference obvious clouds, mountains, etc. 6) Get well “ahead” of bird’s approximate location, and either wait for it to fly through your field of view, or sweep back towards the bird. This works better than trying to catch up to or hit directly on the current location. 7) Suggest a likely focal distance, although infinity usually works best. When you’re far out-of-focus, you can look directly at a bird and still be unable to see it.

It Won’t Always Work
You will not always be successful.  Accept that.  You’re just birding, not solving world peace; keep your sense of humor about this.  Some people are not listening, some are hard of hearing, some have vision problems, some may be angry about the coffee they just spilled on themselves, and some have bad binoculars or dirty glasses.  Sometimes you’re off your own game, thinking about something else, short-tempered, irritated, too cold, too hot, or you brain just isn’t working properly that day.  That’s life.  Some people seemingly cannot follow directions from anyone.  Some people can never learn to give them.  Some of the best birders in the world are unable to give decent directions to anyone else, no matter what.  And then there are those most fortunate and irritating few who seem to never need directions.  They instantly see everything, everywhere, until you want to bop them on the head from frustration with your own inability.

Main Points to Remember
If you learn these basics and pay attention to your own words, you’ll find that you are actually practicing a form of mindfulness which benefits yourself as well as others.  Start from the obvious: something they can’t miss, unique in color, shape, size, type, or direction.  Use clock face directions.  Identify which member of a group (e.g. 2^nd tree from the right).  Use fractions and multiples of visible and identified objects rather than absolute distances.  Identify bird color and other characteristics when needed.  After a short while, you’ll find it actually takes less time and energy to give good directions than to give poor ones.  When others quickly get onto the bird, you don’t have to keep repeating your inadequate directions.  In the amount of time it takes to say, “It’s right there, in the green tree,” you can say, “Single oak, 8 o’clock, 50 meters, 9 o’clock at the foliage edge.”  And you will have said something useful.

And Finally – What Not To Say
There’s no end to the list of unhelpful, frustrating and irritating directions one might give.  And – as with speaking to someone in a foreign language – emphasis, raising your voice and waving your arms around does little more than scare away the bird.

Here is a small sampling of rotten directions: It’s right there.  Just look.  Over there.  IT’S RIGHT THERE! There!  No, there!  Are you blind?  It’s right behind the green leaf.

Some useless directions are situation specific. For example:  out there in the grass (in a large grassy field); on the phone wire (in a city forest of wires); on the pole (with dozens of phone poles stretching off to the horizon); on the bush (in the chaparral); on the water (from the beach).  And the ever-favorite classic, frequently heard in the forest: it’s in the tree, the green tree.  You get the idea.

Getting into details of distance and size can mislead. “A foot high bird on a 100-foot boulder 500 yards away,” can be really misleading when the bird is really a Rock Wren on a car-size boulder 50 yards away.

Americans and British traveling overseas should avoid our imperial system of inches, feet, yards and miles.  Metric system users vastly outnumber us.  Most Americans have a vague notion that a meter is about the same as a yard, so it’s easy to stick to meters.  Metric system users probably won’t have a clue as to what an inch, foot or a mile means, nor will they see any point in learning unless they are aficionados of archaic systems of measurement.

When your knowledge of vegetation, rocks, soil, clouds and so forth is better than average, it’s easy to assume your audience knows what you know.  “It’s in the Phalanopsis growing by the Dichrodendria distal to that crumbled intrusion of franitactic gneiss,” can be as useless as saying “over there” to the person who cannot identify those objects.  And you just might use the wrong term, thus confusing those that actually do know.  Common English is best.  It’s probably safe to point out the sole oak in a stand of conifers, or a brick among the rocks, but don’t assume too much.

And if you want to really irritate your birding mates, just give a lengthy description of the bird before giving any clue as to where you’re looking.  Make sure you pop in such exclamations as, “Oooh….Wow…what IS that?…It’s soooo beautiful….Pleeeese tell me what it is!”, ad nauseam,  finishing up with “well…it’s….geee…how can I – whoops!, it just took off!  You missed it?  Are you blind?   It was right there…in the green tree!”

We wish to thank the following people who replied to our BirdChat and CalBird solicitations for comments: Brandon Best, Wim van Dam, Richard Danca, Roy John, David Spector, John van der Woude, Bob & Carol Yutzy.  Buried somewhere in the verbiage above, you will find your suggestions, perhaps mutilated beyond all recognition. And, we repeat, we have truly heard real birders make all these mistakes, and we’ve heard real birders give all these useful hints.

Authors Biographical Note, in case you reprint this. Chuck and Lillian live in a northern Los Angeles suburb where – when not peering at birds far and wide and jotting down notes – Lillian tends their ever-growing assortment of native California plants, fruit trees and vegetables, and maintains contacts with other humans. Meanwhile, Chuck practices piano, studies philosophy and edits the Santa Monica Bay Audubon chapter blog (where you can see other examples of their off-kilter humor, especially their controversial monograph on the Western Roof Owl). They’ve been birding for almost fifty years and leading local bird trips for over thirty years.