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Return to Ecuador’s La Selva Ecolodge | Femi Faminu video

August 6, 2024

[Posted by Chuck Almdale]

Femi Faminu, who frequently birds with us (and without us) at Malibu Lagoon, recently returned in June 2024 to Ecuador for some more northwest Amazonian Basin birding, specifically at the excellent La Selva (“the forest”) Lodge on the Rio Napo, designed and operated with the birding aficionado in mind. Not only do they serve you “fluffy white stuff” for dessert three times a day, but they supply Wellie-style rubber boots. You will need rubber boots.

This film includes a few zoom-in shots wherein whatever is hiding among the twigs and leaves is finally revealed. The long narrow watercraft is typical transportation for these long, sometimes narrow waterways.

At the end of the video is her phylogenetically-sequenced trip list which includes 219 species: ten woodpeckers including the diminutive piculet, 25 Ant-“thingies,” 5 cotingas, 24 tyrant flycatchers, but I’m sorry to say only 21 tanagers, leaving another 371 neotropic tanagers unseen. Yes, there are that many tanagers, not just the one, two or maybe as many as three in your neighborhood, and most of them in stunning colors. Femi’s all-too-brief YouTube photo & video film is as enjoyable as always.

If you go here https://www.youtube.com/@femif9792 you can see her other films.

La Selva Ecolodge is conveniently located a bit downriver from a town with an airport so you don’t have to traverse the Andes on elephant-back or hauling an ocean-going sailboat.

Over the Andes and over the forest, to Rio Napo they go.

Record Bird Sounds and Make Merlin Better!

August 3, 2024

[Posted by Chuck Almdale]

We’ll probably go another fifteen years and never post another word about Merlin, but just to balance the prior posting about Merlin and your phone’s memory, here’s an article from the Tuscon Audubon Society about how to work with Merlin to make its ID skills better.
— Chuck Almdale

Record Bird Sounds and Make Merlin Better!

By Scott Crabtree, 1 August 2024

Opening paragraphs:

How often have you thought, “I wish the Merlin app was better at identifying the birds I’m hearing. Why haven’t those people at Cornell fixed this?”

The developers at Cornell’s Laboratory of Ornithology use computer vision and machine learning to create the sound identification algorithms used in the Merlin Sound ID app. It’s all based on the sound recordings resident in the Macaulay Library—those are the recordings submitted by birders like you and me!

Cornell needs a minimum of 100 quality recordings of a single species to train that species’ model. They need good spectrograms (a visual representation of the spectrum of frequencies of a signal as it varies with time) because the Merlin app uses them for identification.

Merlin, the Memory Hog

August 3, 2024

[Posted by Chuck Almdale]

I don’t use Merlin but I know others that do. The following, written by Ben Newhouse of Seal Beach and posted on OrangeCountyBirding bird alert, is something you should know about if you use Merlin. It may well apply to other apps like iNaturalist (just to pluck a name out of the air).
— Chuck Almdale


Hi All. 

I’ve been doing some file management and have noticed some things about Merlin. I’m just sharing information in case it helps anyone.

So obviously any recordings in Merlin take up data storage space on your phone. And any bird packs as well, those photos and recordings will take up storage space. So I’ve gotten in the habit of deleting recordings and bird packs I no longer need.

That said…

I’ve noticed that deleting files doesn’t necessarily free up the corresponding data storage space. I went so far as to delete all the recordings and bird packs from Merlin, yet after doing so Merlin was still taking up 29.7 GB on my phone. Then I entirely deleted Merlin…reinstalled it and the US bird pack and then it was taking up 1.6 GB. In other words…It was taking up 28 GB on my phone for files I had previously deleted.

So I did a couple of trial/error tests. This is specific to my phone (Merlin version 3.2 on IOS 17.3.1). I have no idea if it does the same on other versions and/or operating systems.

Deleting method 1. Click on My Sound Recordings. Click on a recording. It opens. Click on the “three dots in a circle” menu icon in the upper right. Click on Delete. This method seems to free up any storage associated with that recording.

Deleting method 2. Click on My Sound Recordings. Swipe left across a recording. A red “Delete” button appears. Click on delete. Method 2 removes the file from the recordings list but does not seem to free up any associated data storage.

Deleting bird packs. When I deleted a bird pack it did free up the corresponding storage space.

Anyway… I’m just posting this in case it saves someone a headache.

All the best,
Ben


Mt. Piños midsummer birding: 20 July 2024

August 2, 2024

[By Chuck Almdale]

Northeastern view of Mt. Piños, 8,843 ft. high; 109 miles to horizon (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 2-16-00)

We had some difficulty finding a date to do this trip and July 20 was the earliest available. This is the latest we’ve ever been there, and it is a bit too late. There were still Irises blooming in Iris Meadow, but most had lost their blossoms and their seed pods were a-swellin,’ a la Sweet William and Barbry Allen.

Wallflowers roadside (Roxy Seidner 6-10-18)

The day began quite warm and instead of birding around the parking triangle at the bottom of the hill, (intersection of Cuddy Valley Rd. and Mt. Piños Rd., twelve miles west of I-5, elevation 5500 ft.), we drove almost to the top where we stopped at a roadside pullout overlooking a small stream. Here’ we  spotted a few birds coming in for a drink and bath, among them Mountain Chickadees, Dark-eyed Juncos and Orange-crowned Warblers. A pair of Ravens perched on the snaggy top of a nearby conifer.

Mountain Chickadee (Roxy Seidner 6-10-18)

We’ve noticed in past years in this area that when there’s a lot of rain during the preceding spring, the birds don’t concentrate as much at the known, easy-to-get-to-and-see-birds water spots, as there are plenty of other water spots not so easy-to-get-to for humans. I think this was the case this year.

Wild Iris & Bumble Bee in Iris Meadow, Mt. Piños Photo: BAGSC

At road’s end next to Iris Meadow several dozen cars were parked. We wandered over to the meadow and found a small number of blooming Irises scattered over the meadow. Most had gone to seed but bees and bumblebees were still as busy as…well, you know what. There were not a lot of birds around despite the relatively early 8:30 am hour. The first bird we spotted was a Townsend’s Solitaire at meadow’s edge in a conifer, a rear view which kept us stumped for a while as the important field marks are visible only from the side or front. Still, there was something solitaire-ish about it – mostly that long tail and innocent bluebird-like facial expression. Then we all finally saw the eye-ring and orangish wing patch.

Solitaires are aptly named, as you rarely see more than one at a time. They’re one of those species that makes you wonder how they reproduce – binary fission, perhaps.

After that we had a group of four identical brown-gray birds busily gleaning small gray-winged insects from the cracks in a conifer’s gray bark. They turned out to be a group of young Brown-headed Cowbirds with nary a head of brown. As cowbirds are hatched and raised by birds of other species (aka obligate nest-parasitism), their parents never show them how to “make their way in the world.” Obviously they figure it all out themselves quite quickly.

This was followed by more Dark-eyed Juncos, which prompted a discussion of the many subspecies and ranges of this bird. These were all “Oregon” Juncos, the breeding subspecies in our area. It’s almost entirely during winter that other subspecies might drop in. If you ever want to while away a few hours sorting out 5-6-7?…however many subspecies of DE Junco there are – I highly recommend the bottom of Cave Creek Canyon in SE Arizona in January. There’s a fine lodge with good food there and lots of birds and I’m fairly confident that every subspecies of DE Junco is there, plus the special bonus of the Yellow-eyed Junco, a Mexican bird at the north end of its range. [Now we return you to our regularly scheduled field trip report.]

Liz saw a Green-tailed Towhee near the meadow. (J. Waterman 6-10-17)

House Wrens popped out of the bushes. We headed past the campground (bathrooms!) which was full of a camping contingent of Bakersfieldians, where we were buttonholed by a girl who looked about 10 or 13 who wondered if we were “birdwatchers,” which we admitted was true. We discussed birds likely to be seen around the meadow and I showed her pictures in my field guide (one of the main reasons I carry one).

Woodland Pinedrops (Pterospora andromedea). Photo: Leptonia Source: iNaturalist

One of the most interesting things we saw was a plant called Pinedrops. Although some people think it a chlorophyll-lacking saphrophyte which gets its sustenance from sucking the nutrients out of dead matter, it’s actually a chlorophyll-lacking mycoheterotroph which feeds on the fungi that grow intertwined with the roots of a conifer. It’s in subfamily Monotropoideae of the heath (or heather) family Ericaceae. It’s widespread across Canada and the western and northeastern U.S. to Mexico.

I <snipped> the map below from iNaturalist–Alister Caddy for the plant Woodland Pinedrops Pterospora andromedea. This is closely related to the Snow Plant Sarcodes sanguinea which we’ve also seen on Mt. Piños and nearby Mt. Abel and another member of the Heath family Ericaceae. The plant, which had two or three tall stems, each looking very much like this photograph, was within 100 yds. of the two red spots just north of Mt. Piños Nordic Base on the map below.

Snow Plant for comparison, Mt. Piños (Roxy Seidner 6-9-18)

We continued downhill on this trail looking for blooming flowers upon which Calliope Hummingbirds might feed. Alas, the currents where – when I find Calliopes at all, which is not often – they are usually feeding, were no longer in bloom.

Lodgepole Chipmunk, Mt. Piños (Dan Seidner 6-9-18)

Finding a chipmunk but few birds, we returned to the meadow, crossed through the dark green flower leaves and went to the trail on the other side. At the juncture where you either go uphill, go downhill or back to the parking lot, we discovered none of us wanted to go uphill, so downhill we went. I pointed out that when hiking in the mountains, “what goes down must come up,” but we continued anyway. Here we added a few birds and found some butterflies patronizing the flowers, a few whites too lively to view, a Sulphur which Trevor identified and a Checkerspot, unidentified. By this time lunch sounded good. We decided to drive halfway back downhill to McGill Campground, as the meadowside Chula Vista walk-in campground picnic tables were fully occupied.

Variable or Chalcedon Checkerspot male, Euphydryas chalcedona; flower probably Eriodictyon crassifolia, Mt. Piños (Grace Murayama 6-9-18)

At McGill we commandeered a reserved campsite nicely shaded by trees and surrounded by bushes and needle-covered ground, calculating (correctly, we learned) that the reserverer would not appear within the hour it might take us to eat (shoots and leaves). McGill is often birdier than the environs of Iris Meadow, and I think that remained true. While we ate and discussed odds and ends and in-betweens a few more birds came and went: more Townsend’s Solitaires, all looking a bit youngish, equally young-looking Cassin’s Finches and one Purple Finch, An adult male White-headed Woodpecker, a Western Wood-Pewee, Anna’s Hummingbird, Western Bluebird, Steller’s Jays, More Juncos, a few youngish Fox Sparrows, Yellow-rumped and Orange-crowned Warblers, and some Ravens cruising by.

Western Wood-Pewee, partially vested. Mt. Piños (Grace Murayama 6-9-18)

When we got back to the bottom of the mountain we found the temperature had risen well into the 90’s.

In case you’re wondering why all the different dates for photographs, I didn’t receive any usable photos this trip so I substituted a few from prior trips. Thanks to those photographers.

The following birds were seen on Mt. Piños on the listed trips, not including the parking triangle and Mt. Abel locations. “X” records presence, number not counted.

Trip List20112016201720182024
SpeciesJun 18Jun 11Jun 10Jun 9Jul 20
Mountain Quail  2  
California Quail  2  
Band-tailed Pigeon12X21 
Eurasian Collared-Dove   1 
Mourning Dove8 22
Black-chinned Hummingbird1    
Anna’s Hummingbird    1
Black-chinned Hummingbird     
Red-tailed Hawk X 1
Downy Woodpecker  1  
Hairy Woodpecker  1  
White-headed Woodpecker2X131
Northern Flicker2    
Olive-sided Flycatcher  1  
Western Wood-Pewee10X541
Steller’s Jay12X846
Clark’s Nutcracker X 1
Common Raven4 3755
Violet-green Swallow30X26181
Mountain Chickadee7 1925
Red-breasted Nuthatch4 11 
White-breasted Nuthatch4  4 1
Pygmy Nuthatch15X715
Brown Creeper  111
Bewick’s Wren    1
House Wren   15
Western Bluebird2X12123
Townsend’s Solitaire    5
American Robin1X51 
Purple Finch4X232
Cassin’s Finch10 412
Green-tailed Towhee4X721
Spotted Towhee2  1
Chipping Sparrow18X616 
Fox Sparrow6X1053
Dark-eyed Junco2X5815
Brown-headed Cowbird  1 10
Orange-crowned Warbler  216
Yellow-rumped Warbler1 1 2
Lazuli Bunting X2  
Totals – 402316282422

Shorebirds are returning: Malibu Lagoon, 28 July 2024

July 31, 2024

[Text by Chuck Almdale; photos by Marie Barnidge-McIntyre, Marsha Collins & Grace Murayama]

Don’t miss the quiz at the bottom.

Ducklings (Marie Barnidge-McIntyre 7/28/24)

I find it difficult telling duckling Gadwalls from Mallards. Adult females are easier, so when I see a batch of ducklings I assign them to the species of the accompanying female(s). There’s no adult female in this picture but a close look at the bills makes me think they’re Gadwall, as the bills seem dark with a hint of orange/yellow around the edges, which the adult females tend to have. I’ve been sorting them on this theory for quite a while. My records show that up until 2017 Mallards outnumbered Gadwalls as summer breeders, in 2018-2019 they were about even, and since then the Gadwall have become relatively more numerous. This year Gadwall outnumbered Mallard two-to-one.

The photo below was taken on Thursday, but the weather looked the same on Sunday, loads of blue sky. The weather report claimed there would be 90% cloud cover, keeping the temperature down into the high 60s. What we had was blue sky and nice waves. It was also hot.

Busy Surfrider Beach, Malibu pier in background (Grace Murayama 7/25/24)

In the foreground is the back of a Snowy Plover “virtual enclosure” sign. People mostly pay attention to this encouragement to stay out of the area which borders the lagoon. Unfortunately the Snowy Plovers can’t read so they can be anywhere and usually are. But this time – to our great surprise – the six we found were well within the rope “fence,” running around through the abundant driftwood. I think the beach looks a lot better with driftwood on it.

Western Snowy Plover, looking half asleep, cooling his heels (Larry Loeher 7/25/24)

The Canada Geese nested again this year at the lagoon, perhaps two pair. One pair now remain with two young. Everyone was flying.

Canada Goose (Marie Barnidge-McIntyre 7/28/24)

When this Turkey Vulture perched on the “Osprey Pole” someone commented, “I’ve heard that you can see right through their nose-holes side-to-side.” That’s correct and we proved it with the scope. “Why are the nostrils so large?” “Well…” I mused, “large nostrils aid in breathing, always a useful activity, but perhaps it also makes it easier to blow the dead meat out of their nose after they’ve stuck their head into a rotting corpse.” It could be true; seems reasonable to me, anyway.

Turkey Vulture. Look closely at the nostril. (Marsha Collins 7/28/24)

There were also three additional TV’s floating over and around the lagoon. Perhaps it was due to this particular animal lying on the sand across the narrow south channel from the vulture on the pole.

Dead Sea Lion, or is it a Seal? We report, you decide. (Grace Murayama 7/25/24)

It didn’t look very good, but there was also no detectable odor which was surprising as I know it had been there for at least three days. I can’t see any ears on it in this photo, but from 30 feet away it seemed very large. California Sea Lions, which have external ear flaps, are 7-8 ft. long and weight 700-800 lbs. Harbor Seals, our other common pinniped, which have ear holes but no external ears, are much smaller, up to 6 ft. long and 300 lbs. No one knew why the back half was so red. Sunburn? Subcutaneous bleeding? Anyone care to express an opinion?

Sea Lion – L, Seal -R. NOAA Ocean Service
A handy Seal & Sea Lion comparison chart. NOAA Fisheries.

When we were there the lagoon water level was very low due to the 9:16 am low tide. It’s higher in this photo, three days earlier.

Beachgoers wading across the lagoon opening. (Grace Murayama 7/25/24)

Salps must be everyone’s favorite non-human member of phylum chordata. They don’t have a backbone but otherwise are just like us! [Not really.] Wikipedia explains:

A salp (plural salps, also known colloquially as “sea grape”) is a barrel-shaped, planktonic tunicate in the family Salpidae. It moves by contracting, thereby pumping water through its gelatinous body; it is one of the most efficient examples of jet propulsion in the animal kingdom. The salp strains the pumped water through its internal feeding filters, feeding on phytoplankton.

Salps, like Einstein, on the beach. (Grace Murayama 7/25/24)

They look a lot different when they’re in the water where they belong.

Subsurface salps in the Red Sea.
Photo: Lars Plougmann Wikipedia – Salp
A salp chain in Oregon.
Photo: Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife Wikipedia – Salp

Quiz Time!

#1. Notice the white blotches.
#2.
#3.
#4.
#5.
#6.
#7.
#8. What in the world are these two up to?
#9.
#10.
#11.
#12.
#13.
#14. Must be a good show off to the right.

Quiz Answers & credits
#1. American Crow (Marie Barnidge-McIntyre 7/28/24)
#2. Allen’s Hummingbird (Marie Barnidge-McIntyre 7/28/24)
#3. Great Egret (Grace Murayama 7/25/24)
#4. California Scrub-Jay (Grace Murayama 7/25/24)
#5. House Finches (Marie Barnidge-McIntyre 7/28/24)
#6. Green Heron (Grace Murayama 7/25/24)
#7. Fiery Skipper Hylephila phyleus (Marsha Collins 7/28/24). Skippers have a “bulge” at the end of their antennae.
#8. Brown Pelican juveniles apparently playing (Marie Barnidge-McIntyre 7/28/24)
#9. Long-billed Curlew (Marie Barnidge-McIntyre 7/28/24)
#10. Whimbrel (Marie Barnidge-McIntyre 7/28/24)
#11. Spotted Sandpiper, with spots! (Marie Barnidge-McIntyre 7/28/24)
#12. Western Snowy Plover (Larry Loeher 7/25/24)
#13. Black-bellied Plovers (Grace Murayama 7/25/24)
#14. Caspian Terns & Western Gull (Marie Barnidge-McIntyre 7/28/24)

Malibu Lagoon on eBird as of 7-30-24: 7938 lists, 2545 eBirders, 320 species
Most recent species added: Red-breasted Nuthatch (31 October 2023, Kyle Te Poel).

Many, many thanks to photographers: Marie Barnidge-McIntyre Marsha Collins, Larry Loeher and Grace Murayama.

Upcoming SMBAS scheduled field trips; no reservations or Covid card necessary unless specifically mentioned:

  • Malibu Lagoon, Sun. Aug 25, 8:30 (adults) & 10 am (parents & kids)
  • Coastal Cleanup Day Sat. Sep 21, 9 am – Noon
  • Malibu Lagoon, Sun. Sep 22, 8:30 (adults) & 10 am (parents & kids)
  • These and any other trips we announce for the foreseeable future will depend upon expected status of the Covid/flu/etc. pandemic at trip time. Any trip announced may be canceled shortly before trip date if it seems necessary. By now any other comments should be superfluous.
  • Link to Programs & Field Trip schedule.

The next SMBAS Zoom program: To be announced, Evening Meeting, Tuesday, October 8, 2024, 7:30 p.m.

The SMBAS 10 a.m. Parent’s & Kids Birdwalk is again running. Reservations not necessary for families, but for groups (scouts, etc.), call Jean (213-522-0062).

Links: Unusual birds at Malibu Lagoon
9/23/02 Aerial photo of Malibu Lagoon
More recent aerial photo

Prior checklists:
2023: Jan-June, July-Dec 2024: Jan-June
2021: Jan-JulyJuly-Dec2022: Jan-June, July-Dec
2020: Jan-JulyJuly-Dec  2019: Jan-June, July-Dec  
2018: Jan-June, July-Dec  2017: Jan-June, July-Dec
2016: Jan-June, July-Dec  2015: Jan-May, July-Dec
2014: Jan-July,  July-Dec  2013: Jan-June, July-Dec
2012: Jan-June, July-Dec 2011: Jan-June, July-Dec
2010: Jan-June, July-Dec  2009: Jan-June, July-Dec

The 10-year comparison summaries created during the Lagoon Reconfiguration Project period, remain available—despite numerous complaints—on our Lagoon Project Bird Census Page. Very briefly summarized, the results unexpectedly indicate that avian species diversification and numbers improved slightly during the restoration period June’12-June’14.

Many thanks to Marie Barnidge-McIntyre, Femi Faminu, Lillian Johnson & others for their contributions to this month’s checklist.

The species lists below is irregularly re-sequenced to agree with the California Bird Records Committee Official California Checklist. If part of the right side of the chart below is hidden, there’s a slider button inconveniently located at the bottom end of the list. The numbers 1-9 left of the species names are keyed to the nine categories of birds at the bottom.
[Chuck Almdale]

Malibu Census 20242/253/244/285/266/237/28
Temperature51-6246-5462-7257-6462-7263-72
Tide Lo/Hi HeightH+5.06H+4.71L-0.14L-0.77L-1.17L+1.81
 Tide Time092109360738063505370916
1Brant (Black)   2  
1Canada Goose976894
1Cinnamon Teal 2    
1Northern Shoveler 4 2  
1Gadwall402420223527
1American Wigeon 4    
1Mallard35121014156
1Green-winged Teal254    
1Surf Scoter3264   
1Long-tailed Duck  1   
1Red-breasted Merganser2942  
1Ruddy Duck1     
2Pied-billed Grebe   111
2Western Grebe240  91 
7Feral Pigeon42 536
7Eurasian Collared-Dove1     
7Mourning Dove4  252
8Anna’s Hummingbird12221 
8Allen’s Hummingbird551512
2American Coot4663 1  
5Black-necked Stilt    2 
5Black Oystercatcher  4   
5Black-bellied Plover423  151
5Killdeer12364312
5Semipalmated Plover  9   
5Snowy Plover2120   6
5Whimbrel63942 52
5Long-billed Curlew     1
5Marbled Godwit2020    
5Wilson’s Phalarope    1 
5Spotted Sandpiper  1  2
5Willet1542 29
5Greater Yellowlegs  1   
5Ruddy Turnstone2     
5Sanderling10     
5Least Sandpiper20122   
5Western Sandpiper820   6
6Bonaparte’s Gull  210  
6Heermann’s Gull6016 66542
6Ring-billed Gull2001843  
6Western Gull85581645160220
6Herring Gull 3    
6California Gull4001706038310
6Glaucous-winged Gull31   1
6Caspian Tern 2208 14
6Forster’s Tern    1 
6Elegant Tern  20019025240
6Royal Tern 4602  
2Red-throated Loon1 2   
2Pacific Loon1     
2Common Loon   1  
2Brandt’s Cormorant11 35  
2Pelagic Cormorant41 14 
2Double-crested Cormorant2832261202428
2Brown Pelican300171235348125163
3Black-crowned Night Heron  1121
3Snowy Egret633274
3Green Heron    11
3Great Egret  5493
3Great Blue Heron314 33
4Turkey Vulture   1 4
4Osprey  1   
4Red-shouldered Hawk 1    
8Belted Kingfisher2     
8Nuttall’s Woodpecker   1  
9Black Phoebe424736
9Cassin’s Kingbird1 4   
9Warbling Vireo   1  
9California Scrub-Jay221   
9American Crow1043464
9Common Raven 123  
9Tree Swallow 1  3 
9Violet-green Swallow  28  
9No. Rough-winged Swallow 5525 
9Barn Swallow 1010202020
9Cliff Swallow   306 
9Bushtit12225919
9Wrentit2  21 
9Blue-gray Gnatcatcher11    
9House Wren1  1  
9European Starling195    
9Scaly-breasted Munia    1 
9House Finch121510151112
9Lesser Goldfinch2020252 
9Dark-eyed Junco   2  
9White-crowned Sparrow1215    
9Song Sparrow101410554
9California Towhee211441
9Spotted Towhee 1  1 
9Hooded Oriole    11
9Red-winged Blackbird354  11 
9Brown-headed Cowbird 2    
9Great-tailed Grackle13 233
9Orange-crowned Warbler2111  
9Common Yellowthroat22 1  
9Yellow-rumped Warbler (Aud)104    
Totals by TypeFebMarAprMayJunJul
1Waterfowl1447245505937
2Water Birds – Other621268263516155192
3Herons, Egrets & Ibis941372212
4Quail & Raptors011104
5Shorebirds1561232969139
6Gulls & Terns748272362302254527
7Doves920788
8Other Non-Passerines873822
9Passerines158115571189270
 Totals Birds18538647731015601991
        
 Total SpeciesFebMarAprMayJunJul
1Waterfowl796633
2Water Birds – Other853853
3Herons, Egrets & Ibis224355
4Quail & Raptors011101
5Shorebirds1088258
6Gulls & Terns587856
7Doves310222
8Other Non-Passerines322321
9Passerines19221419179
Totals Species – 96575845524438